Cerebellar granule cells encode the expectation of reward. Wagner MJ, Kim TH, Savall J, Schnitzer MJ, Luo L. The brainstem: anatomy, assessment, and clinical syndromes. Hurley RA, Flashman LA, Chow TW, Taber KH. Are the neural correlates of consciousness in the front or in the back of the cerebral cortex? Clinical and neuroimaging evidence. (S.Boly M, Massimini M, Tsuchiya N, Postle BR, Koch C, Tononi G. (Patestas, 241) Part of the brain stem in charge of general “arousal.” (Goldberg, 22) (Also sometimes used to refer to) any gray matter that is unlabeled in diagrams. (In evolutionary terms), an ancient neural complex that is closely associated with two other ancient neural systems, the “olfactory system” and the “limbic system.” (Like these systems), participates in “visceral” functions and “behavioral” responses. (Kolb, 51) Various distinct populations of cells embedded in a network of (axons and dendrites) occupying the central core of the brainstem. Area in which nuclei and fiber “pathways” are mixed, producing a netlike appearance. Reticular Formation: a tangle of neurons in the brain stem that projects widely to vast regions of the brain. Pyramidal Decussation: located at the junction between the “medulla” and the “spinal cord.” Area of nerve tracts crossing over to the opposite side of the body. The cerebellum is on the roof of the pons. (3D Brain) The medulla is on the floor of the pons. It is also involved in sensory analysis and is the site at which auditory information enters the brain. Forms a bridge between the “cerebrum” and cerebellum and is involved in motor control, posture, and balance. (NCIt) Region of the brain most closely associated with breathing and with (neural pathways) that generate respiratory rhythms. Pons: part of the central nervous system, located at the base of the brain, between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain. A collection of nuclei with movement-related, species-specific, and pain-perception functions. Tegmentum: the region of the midbrain below the ("aqueduct of Sylvius"). Dec08/Jan09, 21) Associated with the “lateral geniculate (nucleus). The colliculus helps to determine the location of an object. (Patestas, 23) Structure that forms a bump on the roof of the brain stem. Superior Colliculus: the anterior pair of the (structures) which contain the centers for visual function. (Patestas, 23) Associated with the ‘medial geniculate (nucleus)’. (MeSH) Reflex center for auditory signals. Inferior Colliculus: the posterior pair of the (structures) which contain centers for auditory function. Its functions are "sensory" processing, particularly visual and auditory, and producing 'orienting' movements. Midbrain: see “ biological development:nervous system development.” (Ramachandran, 9) Also referred to as the ‘medulla’ and the ‘myelencephalon.” Contains clusters of cells or "nuclei" that control critical functions like blood pressure, heart rate and breathing. (Fields, 316) Lower part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. (Patestas, 81) A major relay station for the crossing of “motor neuron” “tracts” between the spinal cord and brain. Medulla Oblongata: "caudal" most portion of the brain stem. (Carter, 17) Allows us to attend selectively to specific memories. (Chudler, 31) The most ancient part of the brain - it evolved more than 500 million years ago and it is rather like the entire brain of present-day reptiles. The major route by which the "cerebral hemispheres” send information to and receive information from the spinal cord and “peripheral nervous system.” (RamachandranTTB, 296) Responsible for the most basic functions of life such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. (Fisch, 2) Connected to the “diencephalon,” the “cerebellum,” and the “spinal cord.” (Blumenfeld, 38) The stalk emerges from below the brain and continues as the spinal cord. It includes three main parts – the "midbrain," the "pons," and the "medulla." (Koch, 331) Funnel-shaped structure with a bulbous out-pouching in the middle. Brain Stem: a key structure in the “central nervous system.” A division of the brain attaching the brain to the rest of the body.
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